Outside of Pamplona, the fishing trip to the Irati River (near Burguete in Navarre) was marred by polluted water. Ordóñez honored Hemingway's wife by presenting her, from the bullring, with the ear of a bull he killed. Against this background was the influence of the young matador from Ronda, Cayetano Ordóñez, whose brilliance in the bullring affected the spectators. Hemingway, attracted to Duff, was jealous of Loeb, who had recently been on a romantic getaway with her by the end of the week the two men had a public fistfight. In Pamplona, the group quickly disintegrated. Hemingway's memory spanning multiple trips might explain the inconsistent timeframe in the novel indicating both 19. That year, they brought with them a different group of American and British expatriates: Hemingway's Michigan boyhood friend Bill Smith, Stewart, recently divorced Duff, Lady Twysden, her lover Pat Guthrie, and Harold Loeb. The two returned a third time in June 1925 and stayed at the hotel of his friend Juanito Quintana. The couple returned to Pamplona in 1924-enjoying the trip immensely-this time accompanied by Chink Dorman-Smith, John Dos Passos, and Donald Ogden Stewart and his wife. With his wife Hadley Richardson, Hemingway first visited the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona in 1923, where he was following his recent passion for bullfighting. Hemingway (left), with Harold Loeb, Duff Twysden (in hat), Hadley Richardson, Donald Ogden Stewart (obscured), and Pat Guthrie (far right) at a café in Pamplona, Spain, July 1925. His spare writing style, combined with his restrained use of description to convey characterizations and action, demonstrates his " Iceberg Theory" of writing. Hemingway investigates the themes of love and death, the revivifying power of nature, and the concept of masculinity. Hemingway presents his notion that the " Lost Generation"-considered to have been decadent, dissolute, and irretrievably damaged by World War I-was in fact resilient and strong. The novel is a roman à clef: the characters are based on real people in Hemingway's circle, and the action is based on real events, particularly Hemingway's life in Paris in the 1920s and a trip to Spain in 1925 for the Pamplona festival and fishing in the Pyrenees.
A year later, Jonathan Cape published the novel in London under the title Fiesta. The novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by Scribner's. However, Hemingway biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes that it is now "recognized as Hemingway's greatest work", and Hemingway scholar Linda Wagner-Martin calls it his most important novel. An early and enduring modernist novel, it received mixed reviews upon publication. The Sun Also Rises is a 1926 novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, his first, that portrays American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights. The Hellenistic jacket design "breathed sex yet also evoked classical Greece". First edition of The Sun Also Rises, published in 1926 by Scribner's, with dust jacket illustrated by Cleonike Damianakes.
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